A complete factorization of paraunitary matrices with pairwise mirror-image symmetry in the frequency domain

The problem of designing orthonormal (paraunitary) filter banks has been addressed in the past. Several structures have been reported for implementing such systems. One of the structures reported imposes a pairwise mirror-image symmetry constraint on the frequency responses of the analysis (and synthesis) filters around π/2. This structure requires fewer multipliers, and the design time is correspondingly less than most other structures. The filters designed also have much better attenuation. In this correspondence, we characterize the polyphase matrix of the above filters in terms of a matrix equation. We then prove that the structure reported in a paper by Nguyen and Vaidyanathan, with minor modifications, is complete. This means that every polyphase matrix whose filters satisfy the mirror-image property can be factorized in terms of the proposed structure

Coding gain in paraunitary analysis/synthesis systems

A formal proof that bit allocation results hold for the entire class of paraunitary subband coders is presented. The problem of finding an optimal paraunitary subband coder, so as to maximize the coding gain of the system, is discussed. The bit allocation problem is analyzed for the case of the paraunitary tree-structured filter banks, such as those used for generating orthonormal wavelets. The even more general case of nonuniform filter banks is also considered. In all cases it is shown that under optimal bit allocation, the variances of the errors introduced by each of the quantizers have to be equal. Expressions for coding gains for these systems are derived

Generalized polyphase representation and application to coding gain enhancement

Generalized polyphase representations (GPP) have been mentioned in literature in the context of several applications. In this paper, we provide a characterization for what constitutes a valid GPP. Then, we study an application of GPP, namely in improving the coding gains of transform coding systems. We also prove several properties of the GPP

Cosmological horizon entropy and generalised second law for flat Friedmann Universe

We discuss the generalized second law (GSL) and the constraints imposed by it for two types of Friedmann universes. The first one is the Friedmann universe with radiation and a positive cosmological constant, and the second one consists of non-relativistic matter and a positive cosmological constant. The time evolution of the event horizon entropy and the entropy of the contents within the horizon are analyses in an analytical way by obtaining the Hubble parameter. It is shown that the GSL constraint the temperature of both the radiation and matter of the Friedmann universe. It is also shown that, even though the net entropy of the radiation (or matter) is decreasing at sufficiently large times as the universe expand, it exhibit an increase during the early times when universe is decelerating. That is the entropy of the radiation within the comoving volume is decreasing only when the universe has got an event horizon.Comment: 15 pages, 9 figure

Linear phase paraunitary filter banks: theory, factorizations and designs

M channel maximally decimated filter banks have been used in the past to decompose signals into subbands. The theory of perfect-reconstruction filter banks has also been studied extensively. Nonparaunitary systems with linear phase filters have also been designed. In this paper, we study paraunitary systems in which each individual filter in the analysis synthesis banks has linear phase. Specific instances of this problem have been addressed by other authors, and linear phase paraunitary systems have been shown to exist. This property is often desirable for several applications, particularly in image processing. We begin by answering several theoretical questions pertaining to linear phase paraunitary systems. Next, we develop a minimal factorizdion for a large class of such systems. This factorization will be proved to be complete for even M. Further, we structurally impose the additional condition that the filters satisfy pairwise mirror-image symmetry in the frequency domain. This significantly reduces the number of parameters to be optimized in the design process. We then demonstrate the use of these filter banks in the generation of M-band orthonormal wavelets. Several design examples are also given to validate the theory